Luftflotte 5, under the command of Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff, operating from Norway's Arctic Circle, were allotted IV. Only a handful of production Gs were committed in the Battle of Kursk. The Junkers Ju 87 or Stuka (from Sturzkampfflugzeug, "dive bomber") was a two-man (pilot and rear gunner) German dive bomber and ground-attack aircraft. Testing of the V4 prototype (A Ju 87 A-0) in early 1937 revealed several problems. The change in designations due to conversions was not readily apparent, for with wing changes, the serial number and designation was applied to the fuselage by the manufacture which remained unaltered by wing changes. [63] The shortfalls continued to the end of 1941. [74], On 15 November 1942, the Auxiliary Staffel was created. [58], The D-6, according to "Operating instructions, works document 2097", was built in limited numbers to train pilots on "rationalised versions". In the remaining four weeks of the campaign in Norway, the Ju 87s supported German forces in containing the Allied land forces in Narvik until they withdrew in early June. [4] Udet went so far as to advocate that all medium bombers should have dive-bombing capabilities,[5] which initially doomed the only dedicated, strategic heavy bomber design to enter German front-line service during the war years—the 30-metre wingspan He 177A—into having an airframe design (due to Udet examining its design details in November 1937) that could perform "medium angle" dive-bombing missions, until Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring exempted the He 177A, Germany's only operational heavy bomber, in September 1942 from being given the task of such a mismatched mission profile for its large airframe. This was used to weaken enemy morale and enhance the intimidation of dive-bombing. The French Channel-steamer Côte d'Arzur (3,047) followed. The Italian Stuka, renamed Picchiatello, was in turn assigned to Gruppi 97°, 101° and 102°. The Junkers Ju 87 or Stuka (from Sturzkampfflugzeug, "dive bomber") was a German dive bomber and ground-attack aircraft. On 4 July 1940, StG 2 made a successful attack on a convoy in the English Channel, sinking four freighters: Britsum, Dallas City, Deucalion and Kolga. This prompted Milch to visit and threaten the company into meeting the RLM's Ju 87 D-1 requirements on 23 February 1942. Gruppe (St)/Lehrgeschwader 1 (LG 1). The light cruiser squadron consisting of the sister ships Curacoa and Curlew were subjected to lengthy attacks which badly damaged the former for one Ju 87 lost. The Ju 87s achieved complete success. Whitley was later beached and scuttled after an air attack on 19 May. [101] Once again, enemy air opposition was light, and the Stukawaffe (Stuka force) lost 31 aircraft during the campaign. They lose vision while remaining conscious; after five seconds, they black out. The Ju 87 was to be powered by the British Rolls-Royce Kestrel engine. The pilot released the bomb and initiated the automatic pull-out mechanism by depressing a knob on the control column. [105] The same fate nearly befell the sloop Black Swan. Once the Luftwaffe lost air superiority, the Stuka became an easy target for enemy fighter aircraft. [167] During the Battle of Stalingrad, Stukas flew thousands of sorties against Soviet positions in the city. [153], The first Stuka loss on the Soviet-German front occurred early at 03:40–03:47 in the morning of 22 June. The Soviets eventually outran their air support which was unable to use forward, quagmire-filled, airfields. [24], Flying at 4,600 m (15,100 ft), the pilot located his target through a bombsight window in the cockpit floor. All Updated. [37] By mid-1938, 262 Ju 87 As had been produced, 192 from the Junkers factory in Dessau and a further 70 from Weser Flugzeugbau ("Weserflug" – WFG) in Lemwerder near Bremen. In a crouched position, pilots could withstand 7.5 g and were able to remain functional for a short duration. The Ju 87 could take off in 250 m (820 ft) and climb to 1,875 m (6,152 ft) in eight minutes with a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb load, and its cruising speed was 250 km/h (160 mph). The underpowered Jumo 210A, as pointed out by von Richthofen, was insufficient, and was quickly replaced with the Jumo 210D engine. [14], On 27 July 1936, Udet crashed the He 118 prototype, He 118 V1 D-UKYM. Troop trains were also easy targets. This was the final operational version of the Stuka, and was deployed on the Eastern Front. Employed in this assault were 50 kg (110 lb) fragmentation bombs, which caused appalling casualties to the Polish ground troops. Some Ju 87 pilots flew up to 300 sorties against the Soviet defenders. [17] According to the test pilots, the Heinkel He 50 had a better acceleration rate, and could climb away from the target area much more quickly, avoiding enemy ground and air defences. It had a fixed undercarriage and could carry a two-person crew. [38], The Ju 87 B series was to be the first mass-produced variant. 1426 Flight RAF (the captured enemy aircraft Flight), tested the Ju 87 at RAE Farnborough. By the outbreak of World War II, the Luftwaffe had 366 Ju 87 ready for service, 3 of them carried out the first bombing mission of the war,  attacking 11 minutes before the official German declaration of hostilities. In June 1941, the RLM ordered five prototypes, the Ju 87 V21–25. It was fitted out with standard Ju 87 C-0 equipment and better wing-folding mechanisms. All these delays set back testing until 25 February 1936. The D-4 was to be converted from D-3 airframes and, in place of the carrier-specific Ju 87C series designs, operated from the aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin. Italy's Regia Aeronautica received B-2s and named them the "Picchiatello", while others went to the other members of the Axis, including Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania. Its existence has been questioned, but the type is listed in Junkers company records and in the Der Reichminister der Luftfahrt and Oberbefehlshabere der Luftwaffe Technisches Amt. The other mixed Schlacht units contained a further 70 Ju 87s and Fw 190s between them. A Daimler-Benz DB 603 powerplant was to be installed in the Ju 87 D-1, but it did not have the power of the Jumo 211 and performed "poorly" during tests and was dropped. [135], Some of the Picchiatelli saw action in the opening phase of the Italian invasion of Greece in October 1940. It was withdrawn from attacks on Britain in August after prohibitive losses, leaving the Luftwaffe without precision ground-attack aircraft. Free war/military audio sound effects download. shot down 8 with 4 probable and 3shot down by 57.Fighter Group. was recovered underwater, near, Junkers Ju 87 B-2, Code 98+01, Werk Nr. This dive bomber has been in the game since the start of the Open Beta Test prior to Update 1.27. Junkers Ju 87 has been listed as one of the Warfare good articles under the good article criteria. The Ju 87 operated with considerable success in close air support and anti-shipping at the outbreak of World War II. The Ju 87 participated in these intense battles in small numbers. On 22 April, the 1,389 ton destroyers Psara and Ydra were sunk. In some cases the Stukas responded in 10–20 minutes. The pilot could override the system by exerting significant force on the control column and taking manual control. In pitched battles against French armoured forces at Hannut and Gembloux, Ju 87s effectively neutralised artillery and armour. The first task of the Korps was to attack British shipping passing between Sicily and Africa, in particular the convoys aimed at re-supplying Malta. The Ju 87 was donated by the British government and sent to the US during the war. A quick fuel dump mechanism and two inflatable 750 L (200 US gal) bags in each wing and a further two 500 L (130 US gal) bags in the fuselage enabled the Ju 87 C to remain afloat for up to three days in calm seas. The Ju 87's principal designer, Hermann Pohlmann, held the opinion that any dive-bomber design needed to be simple and robust. [23], The offensive armament was two 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns fitted one in each wing outboard of undercarriage, operated by a mechanical pneumatics system from the pilot's control column. More than 6,000 Stuka bombers were built in five variants designated A thru G, between 1936 and Aug 1944. The Ju 87 pilots experienced the visual impairments most during "pull-up" from a dive. The Ju 87 had however not been tested against numerous and well-coordinated fighter opposition; this lesson was learned later at great cost to the Stuka crews. In the next six months, 438 Ju 87 Ds and Gs were added to the Ju 87 force as new or repaired aircraft. 870406, is on display at the. Stanket and E.J. The force, consisting of the cruisers HMS Dido, Orion and Ajax, forced the remaining German ships to retreat. [140], During the Battle of Crete, the Ju 87s also played a significant role. Production of the Ju 87 R and D variants was transferred to the Weserflug company, which produced 5,930 of the 6,500 Ju 87s produced in total. In April 1935, the Junkers aircraft company produced and flight-tested a single-engine prototype, and thus was born the Ju-87 Stuka. [90] On 24 January 1939, a group of Stukas prevented the destruction of a bridge near Barcelona by strafing the demolition engineers on Molins de Rei. The WFG again went unscathed. The 105 R-1s were converted to R-2 status and a further 616 production R-2s were ordered. [31], The concept of dive bombing became so popular among the leadership of the Luftwaffe that it became almost obligatory in new aircraft designs. [99] During the Siege of Warsaw and the Battle of Modlin, the Ju 87 wings contributed to the defeat of well-entrenched and resolute Polish forces. StG 77 lost 24 Ju 87s in the period 5–31 July (StG had lost 23 in July–December 1942), while StG 2 lost another 30 aircraft in the same period. That was the only time a Stuka attacked the capital of Catalonia. [164] During the Battle of Sevastopol, the Stukas repeatedly bombed the trapped Soviet forces. [78] The 3rd and 4th group served on the Eastern Front, the 8th in the Arctic and the 9th in Italy. To do this, Ju 87s were ordered to perform a low-level attack on the Polish Army Garrison headquarters. [80], Despite initial production issues with the Ju 87, the RLM ordered 216 Ju 87 A-1s into production and wanted to receive delivery of all machines between January 1936 and 1938. [186], This aircraft is displayed in the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry. The Jumo 211P engine was installed in some cases. [169], The Stuka was also heavily involved in Operation Citadel, the Kursk offensive. These gun pods were fitted to a Ju 87 D-1, W.Nr 2552. [138] The Stuka once again spearheaded the air assault, with a front line strength of 300 machines, against minimal Yugoslav resistance in the air, allowing the Stukas to develop a fearsome reputation in this region. Instead, the Germans relied on paratroops transported by Junkers Ju 52s and specialised ski troops. Despite this, pilots praised the aircraft's handling qualities and strong airframe. 30, 2014. [33], The second prototype had a redesigned single vertical stabiliser and a 610 PS (601.7 hp; 448.7 kW) Jumo 210 A engine installed, and later the Jumo 210Da. [111] The Ju 87 proved to be a useful asset to Army Group B in the Low Countries. The canopy was split into two sections and joined by a strong welded steel frame. The name was ⦠Udet began his dive at 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and released his 1 kg (2.2 lb) bombs at 100 m (330 ft), barely recovering and pulling out of the dive. Once again, Hitler decided to send military aid to his ally. The Stukas were called upon to deal with the British naval threat. Photographic evidence exists of 16 NSGr 20 Ju 87s lining up to take-off in the woods circling the Lippe airfield, Germany while under attack from P-47 Thunderbolts of the IX Tactical Air Command. The reworking of the design began on 1 January 1936. 1 Description 1.1 Variants 2 History 2.1 Development 2.2 Combat Service 3 References The first production model of the Stuka was the Junkers Ju 87A-1. (St), Sturzkampfgeschwader 1's III. [130], Bad weather resulted in a decline of anti-shipping operations, and before long the Ju 87 groups began re-deploying to Poland, as part of the concealed build-up for Operation Barbarossa. This particular entry provided new life to the series and would later prove to be one of the most successful designs of the war. The mission failed as the German Army delayed their advance allowing the Poles to carry out repairs and destroy all but one of the bridges before the Germans could reach them. and III./StG 1. [33] By early 1944, the number of Ju 87 units and operational aircraft terminally declined. [154] The dive bomber wing suffered only two losses on the opening day of Barbarossa. At the invasion of the USSR, the Stuka again showed its worth, it took a huge toll on Soviet ground forces, helping to break up counterattacks of Soviet armor, eliminating strongpoints and disrupting the enemy supply lines. It is thought to have been built in 1943–1944 as a D-5 before being rebuilt as a G-2 variant, possibly by fitting G-2 outer wings to a D-5 airframe. Due to a shortage of engines, instead of a DB 600, a BMW "Hornet" engine was fitted. One of the planned 48 was produced in July. [165], For the German summer offensive, Fall Blau, the Luftwaffe had concentrated 1,800 aircraft into Luftflotte 4 making it the largest and most powerful air command in the world. On 31 October the light cruiser Aurora was put out of action for a year. It was decided to keep the design as it was, but the power-plant was upgraded to a Junkers Jumo 211J, and two 30 mm (1.2 in) cannons were added. Thirteen Ju 87s, and 26 crew members were lost when they crashed into the ground almost simultaneously. The differences between the G-1 and the G-2 is that the G-1 has the wing of the D-3 while the G-2 has the same wing area as the Ju 87 D-5 variant. On 13 September, Stukas from StG 1 destroyed the rail network in the vicinity as well as inflicting heavy casualties on escaping Red Army columns, for the loss of one Ju 87. Bomb carrying ability was nearly quadrupled from 500 kg (1,100 lb) in the B-version to 1,800 kg (4,000 lb) in the D-version (max. [58], The internal fuel capacity of the Ju 87D was raised to 800 L (of which 780 L were usable) by adding wing tanks while retaining the option to carry two 300 L drop tanks. It had its twin stabilisers removed and a single tail fin installed due to fears over stability. The Stuka was used in all battles of the Eastern Front, mostly in the anti-tank variant (Ju-87G), the final operational version of the Stuka. [141] On 21 May, the destroyer HMS Juno was sunk and the next day the battleship HMS Warspite was damaged and the cruiser HMS Gloucester was sunk, with the loss of 45 officers and 648 ratings. The Ju 87 R-1 had a B-1 airframe with the exception of a modification in the fuselage which enabled an additional oil tank. [57] The D-4 designation applied to a prototype torpedo-bomber version, which could carry a 750–905 kg (1,653–1,995 lb) aerial torpedo on a PVC 1006 B rack—this setup would have had the capacity to carry the Luftorpedo LT 850, the German version of the well-proven Japanese Type 91 aerial torpedo of 848 kg (1,870 lb). The French large destroyer Bison was sunk along with HMS Afridi by Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 on 3 May 1940 during the evacuation from Namsos. The steamer Pavon was lost while carrying 1,500 Dutch soldiers most of whom were killed. Designed by Hermann Pohlmann, the Stuka first flew in 1935 and made its combat debut in 1936 as part of the Luftwaffe's Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War. The attacks brought the evacuation to a halt for a time. StG 77 (Luftflotte 4) flew 7,708 combat sorties dropping 3,537 tonnes of bombs on the city. Stepp also noted that the aircraft was also less agile than the existing D variants. [82] Skilled workers had been called up for military service in the Wehrmacht. These tools were also in short supply, and the RLM hoped to purchase them from Switzerland and Italy. The aircraft is easily recognisable by its inverted gull wings and fixed spatted undercarriage. [87], Among the many German aircraft designs that participated in the Condor Legion, and as part of other German involvement in the Spanish Civil War, a single Ju 87 A-0 (the V4 prototype) was allocated serial number 29-1 and was assigned to the VJ/88, the experimental Staffel of the Legion's fighter wing. Bison's forward magazine was hit, killing 108 of the crew. [21], The fuel system comprised two fuel tanks between the main (forward) and rear spars of the (inner) anhedral wing section of the port and starboard wings, each with 240-litre (63 US gal) capacity. 78 Ju 87s were built in May and 69 rebuilt from damaged machines. The Ju 87 Stuka aircraftâs fixed undercarriages provided sturdy platforms for takeoffs and landings on improvised airfields in the field, but at the cost of airspeed due to drag.. On 15 August 1939 during a mass-formation dive-bombing demonstration for high-ranking commanders of the Luftwaffe, disaster struck. [113] When resistance was organised, the Ju 87s could be vulnerable. To help the pilot see his instrument panel, a violet light was installed. The centre section had a large negative dihedral (anhedral) and the outer surfaces a positive dihedral. Her stern was virtually destroyed but she limped back to Scapa Flow with 33 dead and 38 wounded crewmen. To prevent overload conditions, bomb carrying ability was often restricted to a single 250 kg (550 lb) bomb if the aircraft was fully loaded with fuel. [170] Rudel's cannon-equipped Ju 87 Gs had a devastating effect on Soviet armour at Orel and Belgorod. The reverse in German military fortunes after 1943 and the appearance of huge numbers of well-armored Soviet tanks caused Junkers to adapt the existing design to combat this new threat. The fuselage was also lowered along with the gunner's position, allowing the gunner a better field of fire. [81] By 30 June 1940, 697 Ju 87 B-1s and 129 B-2s alone had been produced. "[65] With Soviet tanks the priority targets, the development of a further variant as a successor to the Ju 87D began in November 1942. Junkers Ju 87 sau Stuka (din germanÄ Sturzkampfflugzeug = bombardier în picaj) a fost un avion de luptÄ german din timpul celui de-al doilea rÄzboi mondial, fabricat de firma Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG ().A fost proiectat de Hermann Pohlmann, produs începând cu anul 1935 iar în 1936 a fost folosit prima oarÄ în luptÄ de Legiunea Condor, în rÄzboiul civil spaniol. The Stuka depended on air superiority, the very thing being contested over Britain. [76][77] NSGr 7 operated in "anti-partisan" role from bases in Albania from July 1944, replacing their use of German trainers. [48], The Ju 87 R-2 had the same airframe as the B-2, and strengthened to ensure it could withstand dives of 600 km/h (370 mph). [160], Elsewhere on the Eastern front, the Junkers assisted Army Group Centre in its drive toward Moscow. The entry of the Americans into North Africa during Operation Torch made the situation far worse; the Stuka was obsolete in what was now a fighter-bomber's war. The flight model is identical to the G-1 with similar values to the Ju 87 D series. A further container of 20-litre (5.3 US gal) was positioned under the engine. After the Italian defeats in the Italo-Greek War and Operation Compass in North Africa, the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ordered the deployment of German forces to these theatres. The Junkers Ju 87 or Stuka aircraft. With an extra two 300 L (80 US gal) fuel tanks, it could achieve four hours flight time. Should this shut down, it could be pumped manually using a hand-pump on the fuel cock armature. The Stukas also crippled the battleship Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya and the destroyers Silnyy and Grozyashchiy in exchange for two Ju 87s shot down. [35], The Ju 87 was capable of carrying a 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb, but only if not carrying the rear gunner/radio operator as, even with the Jumo 210D, the Ju 87 was still underpowered for operations with more than a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb load. The aircraft was later given the registration D-UBYR. [21], The control surfaces operated in much the same way as other aircraft, with the exception of the innovative automatic pull-out system. The window in the floor of the cockpit was reinforced and four, rather than the previous three, aileron hinges were installed. 6234, which was built in 1941 and served with Stukageschwader 5. [35] As well as the installation of the Jumo 210D, the A-1 had two 220 l (58 US gal; 48 imp gal) fuel tanks built into the inner wing, but it was not armoured or protected. The Junkers Ju 87 was a German dive bomber that was used in World War II, primarily used for precision bombing. The unit operated against the Ludendorff Bridge during the Battle of Remagen. Photo: Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-655-5976-04 / Grosse / CC-BY-SA 3.0 Condor Legionâs Junkers Ju 87A with Spanish rebel markings. [63], In January 1943, a variety of Ju 87 Ds became "test beds" for the Ju 87 G variants. [49], On 18 August 1937, the RLM decided to introduce the Ju 87 Tr(C). Parts that were required to be of strong construction, such as the wing flaps, were made of Pantal (a German aluminium alloy containing titanium as a hardening element) and its components made of Elektron. One of the main characteristics of the Stuka was the inverted gull wings and the dive siren that spread fear in all troops under an attack. In May 1944, production wound down. [112], The Ju 87 units were also instrumental in the Battle of France. On some Ju 87s, the Revi 16D was exchanged for the Nachtrevi 16D. VIII. Nevertheless, Wells ordered that no ship was to operate within range of the Ju 87s' Norwegian airfields. [148], By 1943, the Allies enjoyed air supremacy in North Africa. [133] On 10 January 1941, the Stuka crews were told that four direct hits with 500 kg (1,100 lb) bombs would be enough to sink the carrier. An estimated 6,500 Ju 87s of all versions were built between 1936 and August 1944. [122], For the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe's Order of battle included bomber wings equipped with the Ju 87. [89] 29 Republican fighters were defending the city. Over 20% of the total Stuka strength had been lost between 8 and 18 August;[128] and the myth of the Stuka shattered. [112], The Ju 87s also assisted German forces in the Battle of the Netherlands. [125], The Battle of Britain proved for the first time that the Junkers Ju 87 was vulnerable in hostile skies against well-organised and determined fighter opposition. [82] To meet these demands, 700 skilled workers were needed. Another 105 R-1s and seven R-2s had been built. 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